WPC )b ?8}'"?X/*UʤFnjF]=yQ+L,+gվl.=»`;φ&/~3GCе3/.&m\:d?1IO'ܯyKKQ#*xs?^gIR"ۗKT~}}/P%ժ|P7 IBTs翤f1Q2USVx _r?\\OEP\F4S-C495-4050-Q10(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX($USUS.,*+ (_2623  ..*D+D (_25   ," <DL,23  ..," <DL,   *5+5 (_24  ) <DL)23  ..) <DL)  *2+2 (_23 ` &<<DL&23  ..&<<DL& ` */+/ (_22  #DL#23  ..#DL#  *,+, (_21   DL 23  .. DL  *)+) (_20 h DDL23  ..DDL h *&+& (_19  L23  ..L  *#+# (_18   L23  .. L  *>> (_17  2( 4 <DL223  Ԁ2( 4 <DL2  *DD (_16   ," <DL,23  Ԁ," <DL,   *55 (_15  ) <DL)23  Ԁ) <DL)  *22 (_14 ` &<<DL&23  Ԁ&<<DL& ` *// (_13  #DL#23  Ԁ#DL#  *,, (_12   DL 23  Ԁ DL  *)) (_11 h DDL23  ԀDDL h *&& (_10  L23  ԀL  (## &_9   L23  Ԁ L  (>> &_8  2( 4 <DL223  2( 4 <DL2  (DD &_7   ," <DL,23  ," <DL,   (55 &_6  ) <DL)23  ) <DL)  (22 &_5 ` &<<DL&23  &<<DL& ` (// &_4  #DL#23  #DL#  (,, &_3   DL 23   DL  ()) &_2 h DDL23  DDL h (&& &_1  L23  L  &## $_   L23   L  pA1 <>>:Body Text In  2( 4 <DL22( 4 <DL2  N*1>1JlBackup3|xU4>>2Normal+1  2( 4 <DL22( 4 <DL2  )% ZCG Times \  `&Times New Roman Rockwall TCEQERCOT NOxeGRID FERC NERCAPPROVABLEQuantifiable IECCASHRAE DFWtherms MWh PCAHaberl CulpEnerby TERPYazdaniFitzpatrick !USUS.,  _<( 4 <DLX<&c%XX)&%%&c ENERGYEFFICIENCYREDUCTIONSMETHODOLOGY  l TheemissionreductionestimatesfortheproposedDallasFortWorthSIPincludesreductionswithin J theninenonattainmentcounties(Denton,Collin,Dallas,Tarrant,Johnson,Ellis,Kaufman,Parker, (x andRockwall).TheEPAsOfficeofAtmosphericPrograms,incoordinationwiththeTexas  V CommissiononEnvironmentalQuality(TCEQ),ElectricReliabilityCouncilofTexas(ERCOT)and  4 EnergySystemsLaboratory(ESL),developedamethodologyforquantifyingNOxemissionreductions   resultingfromtheenergysavingsduetoenergyefficiencymeasures.<( 4 <DLX<Themethodologyconsideredthe   amountofenergysavings(kWh)indifferentareasoftheStateaboveoriginalSIPbaseline ~   assumptions,andincludedthereductionstonaturalgasusefromtheeliminationofpilotlightsin \   furnaces.TheresultwasanestimateoftheemissionreductionsateachpowerplantwithintheERCOT :  region,andthereductionsofnaturalgaswithineachcounty.Thereductionsforeachpowerplantand h  fornaturalgaswerethensummedforeachcounty. F  AmajorsourceofthedatausedwascontainedintheEPAsEmissionsandGenerationResource   IntegratedDatabase(eGRID).eGRIDisacomprehensivedatabaseofinformationonthe   environmentalattributesoftheU.S.electricpowersystem,andprovidesemissionsandresourcemix n dataforeverypowerplant,electricgeneratingcompany,State,andregionoftheU.S.powergrid.At L eachoftheselevels,eGRIDreportsdataonemissionsofsulfurdioxide,nitrogenoxide,mercury,and *z carbondioxide,aswellaspowerplantoperatingdatasuchasheatinput,generatingcapacity,andnet X generation.Thedatabaseisassembledfromavarietyofdata<( 4 <DLX<collectedbytheEPA,theEnergy 6 InformationAdministration(EIA),andFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission(FERC).Major  electronicdatasourcesincludeEPAsEmissionsTrackingSystem/ContinuousEmissionsMonitoring  (ETS/CEM),NationalAirPollutantEmissionTrends(NET)fossilfuelsteamcomponent,EPA  ElectricUtilitySteamGeneratingUnitsHazardousAirPollutantEmissionStudy:1999Mercury ^ InformationCollectionEffortDataBase,EIAFormsEIA759,767,860A,860B,and861,and < FERCFormsFERC423and714. j Onebasicassumptionincludedintheanalysiswasthatnoelectricityisimportedintoorexportedoutof & theERCOTregion,although,inreality,someelectricityisimportedintoorexportedoutofthe  ERCOTNorthAmericaElectricReliabilityCouncil(NERC)region.However,theamountthatis  exchangedisrelativelysmall.Forexample,in1998,1,193,479MWhwasimportedfromthe p   SouthwestPowerPool(SPP)and1,004,568MWhwasexportedintoSPP,resultinginanet N!! interchangeof188,911MWh.Incomparison,296,042,502MWhwasgeneratedwithintheERCOT ,"|" regioninthesameyear.Therefore,theamountofelectricityimportedintoandexportedoutofthe  #Z# ERCOTregionislessthanonehalfofapercentoftheelectricitygeneratedwithintheERCOTregion. #8$ Thefirststepintheanalysisestimatedhowmuchelectricitygenerationwouldbecurtailedineach % & serviceterritoryforagivenamountofelectricitydemandsavingsoccurringinaparticularservice &!' territory.WithintheERCOTregionthereareseveralpowercontrolareas.Thesepowercontrolareas `'"( arerelatedtotheserviceterritoriesmentionedaboveandelectricityflowsbetweenthesepowercontrol >(#) areas.Theamountofelectricitygeneratedineachofthesepowercontrolareasvariesgreatly,asdothe )l$* fuelsourcesandemissioncharacteristicsofelectricitygenerated.TheeGRIDdatabasecontains )J%+ informationabouthowmuchelectricitywasexchangedbetweeneachpowercontrolareawithinthe *(&, ERCOTregionin1998.Thisinformation,alongwiththeamountofelectricitygeneratedwithineach +'- powercontrolarea,wasusedtodeterminewheretheelectricityoriginates.Forcaseswheretwo ,'. adjacentpowercontrolareasreporteddifferentquantitiesofexchangedelectricity,themethodreliedon r-(/ theaverageofthetwovalues.Themethodalsopresumedthattheproportionsofelectricityoriginating  fromeachpowercontrolareain1998willremainthesamein2007.Theannualgenerationandthe  annualinterchangeofelectricitywasconfiguredintosimultaneousequations,eventhoughthe l electricityisnotexchangedsimultaneously. J Thenextstepintheanalysiswastoestimatethelocationofelectricitygenerationreductionstothe  V powerplantlevelwithineachparticularpowercontrolarea.eGRIDpowerplantleveldataforallof  4 thegeneratorsintheERCOTregionwasusedinthisstep.Electricgeneratingunitsthatareexpected   toberetiredby2007wereremovedfromthecalculation.Newgeneratingunitsandexpectedoperating   characteristics(annualgeneration,capacityfactor,andemissionrates)wereaddedtotheeGRIDpower ~   plantleveldata. \   Next,howmuchofeachpowerplantsgenerationcouldpotentiallybeaffectedbyenergyefficiency h  measureswasestimated.Insteadofusingdispatchmodeling,thesevaluesweredeterminedbyusingthe F  powerplantsfueltypeandcapacityfactor.First,thegenerationfromnuclearandhydroelectricpower $  plantsareassumedtonotbeaffectedbyenergyefficiencymeasures.Nuclearunitsarenormally   baseloadedunits(amongthefirstunitstobedispatchedtoaccommodateelectricitydemand)and   hydroelectricpowerplantsusuallygenerateelectricity<( 4 <DLX<wheneveradequatewatersuppliesareavailable. n Capacityfactorisameasureofapowerplantsgenerationrelativetoitsmaximumcapacityovera L givenperiodoftimeandisgenerallyavaluebetween0and1.eGRIDlistspowerplantspecific *z capacityfactorsonanannualbasis.Intheanalysis,powerplantsthathaveacapacityfactorof0.8or X greaterareconsideredtobebaseloadedunitsandnoneoftheirgenerationwouldbeaffectedbyenergy 6 efficiencymeasures.Powerplantsthathaveacapacityfactorof0.2orlessareconsideredtobe   peakingunitsandalloftheirgenerationcouldbeaffectedbyenergyefficiencymeasures.Power  plantswithcapacityfactorsbetween0.2and0.8areconsideredtohaveaportionoftheirgeneration  possiblyaffectedbyenergyefficiencymeasure. ^ Basedontheprevioussteps,onecanthendistributetheamountofenergyefficiencytoeachofthe j controlareasandtoeachofthepowerplantswithinthepowercontrolareas.Withineachpower H controlarea,allofthegenerationthatcouldbeaffectedbyenergyefficiencymeasuresissummed. & Eachpowerplantspotentialreductioningenerationisthendividedbythistotalamount,expressing  thefiguresasapercentofthepowercontrolareatotal.Thisprocedurepresumesthatthereareno  transmissionconstraintswithineachpowercontrolarea.Theinformationfromthepreviousstepsare p   combinedsothatthegenerationreductionsforeachpowerplantwithinERCOTisdeterminedfora N!! givenamountofelectricitydemandsavingsthatisimplementedinaparticularserviceterritory. ,"|" EachpowerplantsemissionfactorforNOxisappliedtothegenerationreductiontodeterminethe #8$ emissionreduction,witheGRIDtheprimarysourceofdataforthisstep.Thefinalstepistoaddupthe $ % powerplantlevelestimatedemissionreductiondataintocountywidetotals. % &  SIPAPPROVABLEMEASURES  `'"(  Quantifiable 󀄀Theemissionreductionswerequantifiedbytheuseofacalculatordevelopedin >(#) conjunctionwithEPAandESL.<( 4 <DLX<ӀTheLaboratorycalculatedtheelectricityandnaturalgassavingsfrom )l$* theimplementationoftheInternationalResidentialCode(IRC)andtheInternationalEnergy )J%+ ConservationCode(IECC)forresidential,commercialandindustrialbuildings.Themethodsusedto *(&, calculateandverifysavingsusedseveraldifferentsourcesofinformation,including: +'- Ѐ ,'. Thecalculationofelectricitysavingsandpeakdayelectricdemandreductionsfromthe r-(/ implementationoftheIECC/IRCinnewresidences,ASHRAE90.11999incommercialbuildings,and  ASHRAE90.12001inTexasStateAgenciesinnonattainmentandaffectedcountiesascompared  against1999buildingcharacteristicsusingcodetraceable,hourly,buildingenergysimulation. l ЀThecrosscheckofelectricitysavingsusingautilitybillanalysismethod. (x " <( 4 <DLX<  "F)  Thecrosscheckofprecodeandpostcodeconstructiondatausingonsitevisits."F))݌  V Ќ XX   ( <( 4 <DLX<  (*  TheLaboratoryworkedcloselywiththeTCEQandEPAtodevelopproceduresforcalculatingNOx   reductionsfromelectricitysavingsusingtheEPAsEmissionsandGenerationResourceIntegrated   Database(eGRID).Thisprocedurecalculatesannualandpeakday,countywideNOxreductionsfrom ~   electricitysavingsfromEnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergyprojectsimplementedineachPower \   ControlArea(PCA)intheERCOTregion.(**݌ :  Ќ XX   Surplus 󀄀Theemissionreductionsaresurplussincetheyarenotreliedupontomeetairquality F  attainmentrequirementsintheDFWSIP.Theemissionreductionsarefromtheimplementationofthe $  newconstructioncode,andtheyareonlyaccountedforintheDFWenergyefficiencymeasures.    Enforceable Thereductionsareenforceablebecausethemeasuresarepartofthenewconstruction n coderequirements. <( 4 <DLX<Toachieveenergysavingsinnewconstruction,SenateBill5mandatesstatewide L adoptionoftheInternationalResidentialCode(IRC)andtheInternationalEnergyConservationCode *z (IECC)forresidential,commercialandindustrialbuildings.TheEnergySystemsLaboratory X (Laboratory)attheTexasEngineeringExperimentStationoftheTexasA&MUniversitySystemis 6 responsiblefordeterminingtheenergysavingsfromenergycodeadoptionandtoreportannuallytothe  TCEQ.   Permanent Thereductionsarepermanentbecausethemeasuresarepartofthenewconstructioncode ^ requirements. <( 4 <DLX<Toachieveenergysavingsinnewconstruction,SenateBill5mandatesstatewide < adoptionoftheInternationalResidentialCode(IRC)andtheInternationalEnergyConservationCode j (IECC)forresidential,commercialandindustrialbuildings.TheEnergySystemsLaboratory H (Laboratory)attheTexasEngineeringExperimentStationoftheTexasA&MUniversitySystemis & responsiblefordeterminingtheenergysavingsfromenergycodeadoptionandtoreportannuallytothe  TCEQ.   PROJECTED2007AND2012CALCULATEDREDUCTIONS  N!!  <( 4 <DLX<( <( 4 <DLX<  (5  <( 4 <DLX<Thecalculationsbeginwiththe2007,2012estimations,wherethekWh/houseannualandkWh/house ,"|" peakdayfromtheLaboratorys2003reportwereextractedforeachcounty.Similarly,the  #Z# therms/houseannualandtherms/housepeakdayfromtheLaboratorys2003reportwerealsoextracted #8$ foreachcounty.Thisprocedurewasthenrepeatedformultifamilyresidencesineachcounty.The $ % Laboratorys2003reportwascalculatedusingtheenergyefficiencycalculationmethodologydescribed % & above.(56݌ &!' Ќ XX   Next,thehousingpermitsfromtheU.S.Censuswereassembledforeachcountyfor2001,2002,and >(#) 2003,andprojectedfor2004through2012,usingaconstantvaluelockedatthe2003housingpermit )l$* rate.Thecumulativehousingpermitswerethencalculatedforeachcounty,andthenmultipliedbythe )J%+ kWh/houseandtherms/housesavingsfromtheLaboratorys2003report.Thevaluesaretheninflated *(&, by7%torepresentthelossesfromtransmissionanddistribution,andreportedforbothannual +'- MWh/countyandMWh/peakday. ,'.  r-(/ Next,thesavingsforeachcountyisrolledupintotheappropriatePowerControlAuthority(PCA),  usingthevaluesfromthe2003report.ThesesummedPCAvaluesarethentakenforwardintoeGRID  andcalculatedasannualNOxandannualNOx20%inthefollowingway.TheannualNOxvaluesare l calculatedforeachPCAbycountyusingtheoriginal100%1998eGRIDvalues.TheannualNox20% J valuesarereportedas20%ofthe1998eGRIDvalues.Thisprocedureistherepeatedforpeakday (x calculations.The2007and2012plantemissionratesareestimatedtobethe1998x20%calculation.  V Theprojected2007NOxreductionsfortheDFWareafromenergycodecompliantnewresidential   constructionintheninenonattainmentcountiesarecalculatedtobe229tons.Onapeaksummerday   in2007,theNOxemissionsareprojectedtobe0.72tons. ~    REFERENCES  :  <( 4 <DLX<" <( 4 <DLX<  "3@  Haberl,J.,Culp,C.,Yazdani,B.,Fitzpatrick,T.,Bryant,J.,Turner,D.2003. Enerby h  Efficiency/RenewableEnergyImpactintheTexasEmissionsReductionPlan(TERP),VolumeI F  SummaryReport,EnergySystemsLaboratoryReportNo.ESLTR03/1203,(December)."3@@݌ $  Ќ XX   Haberl,J.,Culp,C.,Yazdani,B.,Fitzpatrick,T.,Bryant,J.,Turner,D.2003. Enerby n Efficiency/RenewableEnergyImpactintheTexasEmissionsReductionPlan(TERP),Volume2 L TechnicalReport,EnergySystemsLaboratoryReportNo.ESLTR03/1204,(December).*&c%%)&*F%*&c *z #)*FC##)&%)C#<( 4 <DLX< *&c%%)&*F%*&c#)*FkD##)&%)D#)%)&*F)#)*FE##)&%)D#